Should religious symbols be banned for workplaces in Quebec Essay

Should religious symbols be banned for workplaces in Quebec - Essay Example During this time, the Catholic Church was granted en seigneurie zones of land covering about 30% of the lands that the French Crown granted in New France (Dickson and Young 16). Due to influences from France and the religious fervor during the Counter-Reformation, Quebec was mainly religious and women joined the Roman Catholic nuns in large numbers. The 1944 election saw Maurice Dupress ascend as the premier of Quebec. He was known for his strong opposition to intellectuals, modernizers and trade unions. Due to his beliefs and policies, the period he ruled became known as the Great Darkness (La Grande Noirceur) (Courville 49). During his rule under the Union Nationale party, the society of Quebec was culturally close minded and Catholic doctrine and morality defined the way of life for most people. In 1960, the Union Nationale party lost the election to Jean Lesage’s Liberal Party who stood under the slogan â€Å"it’s time for change†, thus sparking The Quiet Rev olution (Courville 72). This period was marked by social and political transformation where Quebecois national identify took the center stage from secularism. The late 1960 also saw a gain in momentum of Quebec separatism with Rene Levesque forming the Mouvement Souverainete-Association. Bureaucracy in the government of Quebec saw a growth in friction between English-speaking Canada and Quebec. In 1968, the Parti Quebecois was formed when different separatist force joined into one under the leadership of Rene Levesque (Dickinson and Young 57). The party gained popular vote, increasing from 8% in 1966 to 30% in 1973. From 1970 to 2000, the people of Quebec grew in confidence and sought to find their path. This was a time in which people were angry at the yoke placed on them by the church. People stopped attending churches, women started leaving their convents and every form of authority was put under a microscope The Charter of Values is officially referred to as Bill 60 (Charter aff irming the values of State secularism and religious neutrality and the equality between women and men, and providing a framework for accommodation requests) (Edmiston 1). The charter proposes provisions to revise the Quebec Charter of human Rights and Freedoms, institute an obligation of reserve and neutrality for all employees of the state including healthcare personnel and teachers, limit wearing of religious paraphernalia for government personnel and ensure that all people have their face uncovered when giving and receiving service from the state (Gagnon 1). Items prohibited include niqab, hijab, turban, kippah and other large pendants denoting a specific religion. Small pendants such as rings and earrings that are discrete will not be affected. This prohibition will affect all personnel of the state such as teachers, nurses, doctors, police and firefighters, secretaries in government offices, public daycare employees and politicians holding government offices (Edmiston 1). Parti Quebecois proposed the charter of values to solve the controversy on reasonable accommodation in Quebec. Reasonable accommodation describes the modification that does not cause unjustified burden, to ensure that minority groups enjoy the same freedom and right as the mainstream population in cases where it is necessary (Gagnon 2). The charter was proposed mainly to promote

Aspects of human behavior Essay Example for Free

Aspects of human behavior Essay There are some aspects of human behavior and mental processes that would not be ethical to study even if the participants freely consented to be studied. Ethical standards with regard to experimentation are subject to governmental regulations where federal funding is apparent (Kornblum, pg. 41). The text lists 5 key ethical issues revolving around human psychological research, including: Freedom from coercion, informed consent, limited deception, adequate debriefing, and confidentiality (Lahay, pg. 48). According to Lahay, requirements for institutions conducting research include approval from a board of outside scientists (pg. 48). I believe there are certain aspects of behavior and mental processes that should not be studied even with the participants approval. Study of subjects that were involved with committing crimes would be at the top of the list. For example, a study involving naturalistic observation of a kleptomaniac in action seems to me as unethical practice. While the observer is not taking part in the crime, he is not actively preventing it either. Furthermore, there may be a possibility that the said criminals need to steal is heightened due to the researchers requirement for consent. Another example of studying behavior or mental processes that may present itself unethical might involve studying children. Even though parental consent may be given the child would not necessarily have to be informed of the study. An example might be a study where a badly behaved child is seated next to a compliant child to see if the behaviors change. Regardless of the effect on the badly behaved child, the compliant child could quite possibly experience higher levels of stress or anxiety. I think that good example of not ethical experiment would be little Albert. John Watson, the founder of behaviorism, conducted an influential early study of generalization. Watson and Rosaline Rayner examined the generalization of condition fear in an 11 month old boy Albert. Like many babies Albert was initially unafraid of a white rat. Then the Watson and Rayner paired the presentation of the rat with a loud, starting sound. Albert did show fear in response the loud noise. Five days later, boy was exposed to other stimulus that resembled the rat in being white and furry. Alberts fear response to other white, furry objects (rabbits, a dog). My opinion is that children should not be used in research. Another type of experiments, that I think are unethical, are Near-death experience is the perception reported by a person who nearly died or who was clinically dead and revived. They are somewhat common, especially since the development of cardiac resuscitatation techniques. For example, in one, a woman accurately described a surgical instrument she had not seen previously, as well as conversation that occurred while she was clinically dead. I think that death or dieing is something that we as a human should not be involved in.

The Power of Sin in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Power of Sin in The Scarlet Letter Sin is the main theme in the Scarlet Letter. All of the characters in the book were somehow affected by the main sin, which was adultery. The three main characters were the most widely affected, and their whole lives were molded by the way they dealt with the sin. The sin surrounds, encloses, and strangles them. There was no escaping from its harsh consequences. Hester Prynne's sin was as an adulteress, and the result of this was that she had to wear the scarlet letter "A." She feels that her sin has taken away everything she had, and given her one thing in return; her baby. Although she had dignity and pride when she first stepped out of the prison and when she stood upon the scaffold this "A" unfamilarized and seperated her from the community, and she stood alone with her child as she does for the most part of her life following this event. From then on, she was to live away from the community with her baby, Pearl, and was shunned by everyone. The sin she has committed has made her think that death would be an easy way out and that she deserves little, for she says, "I have thought of death, have wished for it, would have even prayed for it, were it fit that such as I should pray for anything." Throughout the next years, the sin Hester committed changes her personality and identity. Once a beautiful woman, Hester now looks plain and drab. Once passionate, she is now somber and serious. She had contained a precious quality of womanhood that has now faded away. Her plain gray clothes symbolize her temperament and disposition. There are also good effects that the sin has on her. She becomes more giving and caring, and is endlessly helping the poor and sick and doing neighbors favors. Hester feels that she owes it to the community, and is also forcing herself into a life of service to others. The sin stays with her throughout her life, and even when she leaves her town, she feels obligated to come back and fullfill her punishment. The sin made her lifestyle worse, but it changed her

Lifestyle – Then and Now

Lifestyle is the way a person lives. The human body and mind have adequately adapted to their changing lifestyle. Many factors have affected the lifestyle of a person – technology, health, environment, culture, society, etc. One of the biggest changes that affected mankind has been the discovery of fire and the wheel. Many years and discoveries later, it was the invention of electricity. Due to electricity, technology developed. Technology has changed all the fields such as – warfare, agriculture, transportation – air, sea and land travel, , manufacturing, medicine, communication, information, etc.With the advancement of the human race, many new inventions and discoveries were added to the ever growing list. But along with the advantages, it brought some disadvantages as well. Earlier people had more interaction with each other. There was no TV or computer to distract them. They were able to spend time with each other and they were more relaxed. The TV and the co mputer have become a kind of addiction for most of the people now and they find it hard to stop using it. Now most of the time both the parents would be working long hours and there is no time for them to be with their family.They are stressed out most of the time and are too tired to talk even when they get some free time. In earlier days not many people had a car. There might be one car in the whole neighbourhood. It was something that only the rich could afford. Most people used the public transport or walked if they wanted to go somewhere. Walking was a part of life and not considered to be a great task. Many people lived as joint families in large houses with many children, aunts, uncles, and other relatives.There was always someone to talk to, someone to share the household chores with, etc. With the advancement of technology, nuclear families have emerged. It has brought with it more independence for the individual but more loneliness as well. All in all, lifestyle has change d significantly from the days of the early caveman to the present day technology savvy man. There have been both positive and negative changes that have happened. In the years ahead, many more changes will still take place. The human race will continue to adapt and evolve to embrace these changes.

An Analysis of Jamacian Fragment Essay

The Jamaican Fragment is a story about a man, who during his regular walk to and from work encounters an irregularity he views as an act of inferiority. We can assume that the Jamaican Fragment is a real life experience, rather than a piece of fiction due to first person writing style. In the first paragraph the author uses visual imagery by describing the colors of the houses as well as the bungalow style house, which presents as the setting. We can start to conclude that the author is ethnic himself or very familiar with differentiating ethnic characteristics. In psychology we learn that the race we are born of, makes us better able to distinguish features and characteristics amoung our own culture. People often struggle distinguishing key characteristics in other races, ethnicities, and cultures. So when Hendricks refers to the one little boy as a â€Å"little Jamaican†, he is presenting us with the idea that he is ethnic. It is important to take notice of the fact that Hendricks may be of Jamaican descent as in the next line in the above mentioned sentence he calls the little boy a â€Å"strong Jamaican† and this sets the tone for the writer’s stance. Hendrick outlines his passion for his race as a â€Å"strong† race as opposed to weak and inferior. The definition of prejudice according to the Merriam Webster dictionary is as follows â€Å"a (1): preconceived judgment or opinion (2): an adverse opinion or leaning formed without just grounds or before sufficient knowledge . † Prejudice is a very controversial topic in our society that often incites anger and defensiveness in people. Hendricks essay Jamaican Fragment is a well written personal descriptive essay that addresses the idea of prejudice employing irony and humour so that the reader remains open-minded. Hendricks’ simple, relaxed style helps assist the reader through the story without preconceived notions or prejudices towards other ethnicities. There are several figures of speech used to entice the reader and the reflective mood of the essay allows us to reflect on our own thoughts and hopefully come to the same conclusions around prejudice. Hendricks’ style of the essay is very important in terms of what he wants the reader to experience and how he wants them to experience the story. Words that I would use to describe the tone would be casual, curious and ironic. The author uses everyday language to create the casual tone such as â€Å"The other little fellow was smaller, but also sturdy – he was white, with hazel eyes and light-brown hair. † (362) This casual tone permits everyone to read this essay; there is no prejudice against an educated or uneducated audience. The sentence structure used is also simple and casual. â€Å"For a whole day I puzzled over this problem. †(363) This excerpt from Jamaican Fragment is an excellent example of the curious tone that utilizes in this essay. He is taking the reader on a journey of self-discovery. The reader is also curious as to the game the children play, could it really be a game of inferiority? There is also a strong sense of irony throughout the entire essay, it is my belief that the author uses an ironic tone to further his argument around prejudice enable the reader to learn a moral lesson. â€Å"The exercise is good for me and now and then I learn something from a little incident†(362), is an example of Hendricks’ using foreshadowing as a literary technique. We know that he is going to learn something and we know by the end of the essay that â€Å"little† is very much an understatement. â€Å"How silly grown-ups we are, how clever we are, how wonderfully able we are to impute deep motives to childish actions! How suspicious we are when have been warped by prejudice! â€Å"(364) This illustrates the ignorance that Hendricks employs and the relationship between ignorance and prejudice. He also uses exclamation marks to emphasize the enormity of his misjudgment. Syncrisis is a figure of speech in which opposite things or persons are compared. (the free dictionary). Hendricks’ uses syncrisis throughout the essay â€Å"young vs old† and black vs white†, this technique is used repetitively because Hendricks has a us vs them defence. He believes that he has been wronged by judgement and â€Å"them†. â€Å"Was there really some difference between a white man and a black man? Something that made the white superior. †(363) This is a good example of the author using a literary device called pathos . Hendricks wants to incite passion into the reader, he feels incredibly passionate about his feelings around prejudice. â€Å"Were we as a race really inferior? So inferior that even in our infancy we realized our deficiencies, and accepted a position as the white man’s servant? † (363) The author is asserting his own point of view here, wresting with their world perspective on injustice. There’s a sense that the author feels inferior as a black person due to the last sentence, even if he doesn’t want to feel that that way, perhaps because of his light tone? In the last paragraph Hendricks reveals the truth around the game to a white man standing on his porch, he soon discovers that the man is the father of both boys and a partner in an interracial marriage. Obviously some humor here, the author makes assumptions (of course which is one of the toxic elements in racism, prejudice, stereotypes, and injustice) about another person’s point of view (which is what he did with the boys) and although he has good intentions, he is again surprised because the thought of a racially mixed family (the next step toward an egalitarian and tolerant society) had not crossed his mind. Irony strikes again. Assumptions and ignorance is what encourages prejudice and although this is what he is passionate against he becomes the bearer of such conclusions. Through Hendricks’ self-discovery around the â€Å"game† we are able to see how quickly people are apt to jump to conclusions feeding prejudice. What is social equality and how does this change come about? Education is the key to this problem and Hendricks urges the reader to become educated and learn a very important moral lesson.

Risk Analysis Example

Risk Analysis Example Risk Analysis – Coursework Example Risk Analysis [Pick the With the increasing use of modern information technology, it is become increasing important that appropriate measures be taken by organizations to protect their information from cyber threats and the related warfare. Managers of businesses are therefore becoming increasingly conscious about the sensitivity of this issue, and are employing various measures to ensure privacy and protection (Steer et al, 2010). Due to the fact that the world is turning into a global village, the managers should keep in mind the fact that additional measures should be taken to ensure security of a company’s information, if information has been outsourced to third parties for processing.In order to ensure the effectiveness of measures taken to protect sensitive information, it is essential that a detailed risk analysis is conducted on frequent intervals to identify the nature and existence of risks that arise with the passage of time (Campana, 2008). Since new threats arise continuously, the managers should be extremely vigilant in this regard and continuous monitoring should be carried out to detect the risks. Additionally, they should continuously update their knowledge regarding detection and management of the risks that arise in the world of information technology. The basic notion that underlies the measurement of success of risk analysis is the comparison of performance to the already established objectives. The risk analysis can be regarded as being successful if the performance of the system shows the required improvement (Bonham, 2008). Contrary to this, if the performance fails to correspond to the pre-defined objectives, risk analysis may be regarded as being faulty or unsuccessful. ReferencesBonham, S. S. (2008).  Actionable strategies through integrated performance, process, project, and risk management. Boston: Artech House.Campana, J. (2008).  Privacy makeover: The essential guide to best practices : how to protect assets and foster consumer loyalty. Madison, WI: Bell House Press.Steers, R. M., SaÃŒ nchez-Runde, S. C. J., & Nardon, L. (2010).  Management across cultures: Challenges and strategies. Cambridge [etc.: Cambridge University Press.

buy custom Analysis of Ancient China essay

buy custom Analysis of Ancient China essay What forms did human beings interactions with the supramundane realm (including gods, spirits, ancestors, natural forces, and Heaven) take and who were the human agents of this interaction from the Shang dynasty to the Period of Disunion that followed the Han? Do you see any patterns or trends over this period? Do different modes of interaction correlate with changes in the social or political order, and if so how and why? From the Shang dynasty through to the period of disunion which followed the Han, there is a great deal of belief in the supernatural including ancestors, gods, spirits and heaven among others. This is clearly demonstrated from the beliefs and practices of the people. They therefore, used several means to communicate or interact with the supramundane realm. During these periods, there were various forms of interactions including prayers and sacrifices to different powers which were done in almost similar ways in the different periods; by leaders and on sacred places and in all the cases, the leaders were expected to morally upright and with dignity for them to obtain favor with the higher power unlike the common people. The Shang people worshipped a supreme god called Shang Di, who they believed ruled over the lesser gods of the moon, the rain, other natural forces and places, the sun and the wind. These people also worshipped their ancestors by sacrificing animals to them. These sacrifices were made by the kings who also used oracle bones to communicate with the ancestors. This was because they believed they were still connected to their ancestors and that for them not to have any problems, they had to properly worship them. The Zhou people worshipped Tian (heaven) unlike the Shang who worshipped the ancestors and Shang Di (supreme god). They believed that the ruler of their kingdom was the son of heaven and that he was governed by divine right hence losing his throne would show that he had also lost his heavenly favors and his Mandate and hence misfortunes would even befall his family. The Qin people believed in Shen (spirits), Yin (shadows) and their kingdom. They believed that the dead moved to another world that was parallel to the earth hence offered sacrifices in shrines and sacred places so as to get in touch with them. These sacrifices were to make them get blessings from the spirit world and to also to help the dead travel well and remain in their world. Sacrifices were made by a lead sacrificer who usually prepared for the ritual by fasting and meditating so as to distance himself from the worldly things. The Qin also believed in divination where they cracked bones or turtle shells to be able to foretell the future. The Han people believed in spirits, deities and ancestors hence sacrificed animals and food offerings in shrines and other holy places like temples. These offerings were meant to sustain beings in the spiritual world. These sacrifices were made by the emperor; who was also the highest priest by virtue of his position, to the spirits, heaven and the main deities (the five powers). The emperor was expected to have high moral standards. It was also towards the end of this dynasty (Eastern Han) that Buddhism was introduced to China. Some of the early followers and practices of this religion are discussed later in this paper. During the period of disunion: the era of the three kingdoms, Wei, Shu and Wu, Buddhism was the religion that was majorly practiced by the people. Followers and practices of this religion are discussed later in this paper. Below are some examples of the leaders who acted as mediums of interaction between the people and the supramundane realm during the dynasties mentioned above. Zhang Jue, a faith healer, who called himself the Great Worth Leader had his Way of Great Peace made prayers and recited spells on behalf of the people. He accepted many disciples, who would kneel, bow and confess their faults to him. He cured illnesses with holy water and prayers, and when the sick recovered, the common people came to believe in him. (Buckley 83).This great belief is further demonstrated by the great number of followers that he had. We are told that he had several hundred thousand followers scattered through the commanderies and the kingdoms. This shows that he had quite a great influence on the people who equally chose to believe in him. This was during the Yellow Turban Movement. From Zhang Jues yellow movement, he makes the rebels, Yellow Turbans, to kill people as a sacrifice to heaven. This shows belief in a higher power to which human sacrifices were made, probably to help them succeed in their endeavors and protect them. Zhang Xiu (also a faith healer) is another person who was used as a human agent to interact with the supramundane realm, in this case through prayers made in written letters. He made people meditate on their faults to be forgiven. From his Way of Five Pecks of Rice, he had wine offerers, debauchers and demon clerks serve under him. They were in charge of the five thousand characters of the Laozi, helped people in recitation and were in charge of the sick respectively. We are told, prayers were offered by writing the name of the sick person and explaining the crimes he had confessed to. Three copies would be made, one sent to heavenburied in the earth and one immersed in water. (Hansen 84). He calls these letters to the three officials which shows belief in more than one higher power. Zhang Lu, who succeeded Xiu, continued to preach the rice religion and he made those who refused to follow the religion to be offerers of wine. He therefore, was a medium through which communication could be made to the higher power through wine offering. He also punishes those who commit offences more than three times. Another form of human beings interaction with the supramundane realm was through beliefs and practices of Buddhism where one had to take refuge in Buddha, the Dharma (Buddhist teachings) and the Samgha (community of Buddhists). This happened towards the end of the Han Dynasty and period of disunion. Buddhists were to abandon their families and things of the world and live together in a Samgha where they would practice self righteousness. Men who became monks and women who became nuns are examples of Buddhists. They acted as the medium between the common people and their higher being as seen through the prayers they made for their families, relatives and for goodness to other people. Seng Du is an example of a young man who left his normal life for Buddhism. In his letter to his former girlfriend, Tiaohua who also becomes a nun after reading it, he tells her that following the Buddhist path is for the sake of all beings in the three realms (Buckley 100). This shows that joining Buddhi sm was like being there for the sake of those who did not join, praying for them and their lives. We also see that a lot of things happen through Seng Baozhi who also becomes a monk at a very young age. He communicated to people through his prophetic gift and through performing miracles, where he would say things or write poems about things that would happen in the future or he would do supernatural acts like appear in two places at the same time. This made him get many followers, both leaders and ordinary people. He makes prophecies on many occasions, for example, he told the General Sang Yan that he would be beheaded and about his chest rent and this happens after ten days. As emperor Wu says, Though the trace of master Baozhis body is within this woorld, his spirit roves in the mysteries. (Hansen 101). This just suggests that he was highly placed and viewed in the society because of his powers, gifts or communication skills with supernatural powers and acts. Baozhi also helped to direct prayers made by monk Fayun after which the long drought ended. This further demonstrates hi s connection to a higher power on behalf of the people. Buddhists are greatly used as mediums to pray on behalf of others. The Celestial king Vaisravana for example, pays a thousand ransoms to the three jewels so that they can pray for his family and him, his servants and animals. We are told, This money is used for copying sutras. It is accompanied by the prayer that the Celestial King attains Buddha hood; that the disciples family, servants and animals may be blessed with long life, (Buckley 102). This shows the kings belief in the ability of those practicing Buddhism to intercede to the spirits on their behalf. There are other followers of Buddhism who also make prayers for their families, friends and for themselves: nun Daorong prays that she neither gets sick nor suffers anymore and that her parents, present family and close relatives experience joy and that all they seek may come to pass. She also includes those with knowledge in her prayers. This shows that she wished them all well and knowing that through her faith she had the power to intercede on their behalf, she goes ahead to do so. Superintendent Song Shao prays for the spirits of his parents to reach the Pure Land and that his family members may find happiness and blessings in their lives. He also prays for the safety of his state and for the freedom of all suffering creatures, (Buckley 103). This also shows his belief that through his faith; his prayers will be answered for the sake of the people he cares about. Madame Duan also prays for the happiness of her son even after his death and that he suffers no more (Hansen 104). This also shows her belief in her ability to mediate to the spirits on behalf of her dead son because of her faith. From all these forms of interaction with the supramundane realms with all the human agents discussed above, a few things stand out including the fact that the mediums for the interactions were leaders who did the mediations on sacred places irrespective of the identity of the higher power and these human agents were to free themselves from faults and influences of the world before doing the mediation. This is seen all through from Jue, Xiu and Lu who always asked people to confess their faults before they prayed for them to be healed and even the Buddhists who lived faultless lives away from the rest of the world. Another interesting thing is the fact that all through there was a belief in the supernatural or higher power even though not exactly mentioned. This is seen through the numerous sacrifices made. The different forms of interactions discussed above including prayer, sacrifices, miracles and offerings among others correlate with changes in the social or political order in the society. This is evident from the way leaders who acted as mediums were expected to be free from faults when they did the mediation; some fasted before the ceremony to ensure this while on the other hand commoners who were being prayed for were not to be as much cleansed and prepared as the leaders. This was to help the leaders to gain favor before the higher powers. In conclusion, in Ancient China there was a belief in the supramundane and the people used several forms to communicate and interact with them to have their needs met. This was done through special beings in the society, leaders or those with similar gifts, who were expected to be well behaved and good. Buy custom Analysis of Ancient China essay

Native Speaker - Definition and Examples in English

Native Speaker s in English In language studies, native speaker  is a controversial term for a person who  speaks  and writes using his or her  native language  (or mother tongue). Put simply, the traditional view is that the language of a native speaker is determined by birthplace. Contrast with non-native speaker. Linguist Braj Kachru identifies native speakers of English as those who have grown up in the Inner Circle  of countries- Britain, America, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. An extremely proficient speaker of a second language  is sometimes referred to as a near-native speaker. When a person acquires a second-language at a very young age, the distinction between native and non-native speaker becomes ambiguous. A child may be a native speaker of more than one language as long as the acquisition process starts early, says Alan Davies. After puberty (Felix, 1987), it becomes difficult- not impossible, but very difficult (Birdsong, 1992)- to become a native speaker. (The Handbook of Applied Linguistics, 2004). In recent years, the concept of the native speaker has come under criticism, especially in connection with the study of World English,  New Englishes, and English as a Lingua Franca:   While there may be linguistic differences between native and non-native speakers of English, the native speaker is really a political construct carrying a particular ideological baggage (Stephanie Hackert in World EnglishesProblems, Properties and Prospects, 2009). Examples and Observations The terms native speaker and non-native speaker suggest a clear-cut distinction that doesnt really exist. Instead it can be seen as a continuum, with someone who has complete control of the language in question at one end, to the beginner at the other, with an infinite range of proficiencies to be found in between.(Caroline Brandt, Success on Your Certificate Course in English Language Teaching. Sage, 2006) The Common-Sense View The concept of a native speaker seems clear enough, doesnt it? It is surely a common sense idea, referring to people who have a special control over a language, insider knowledge about their language. . . . But just how special is the native speaker? This common-sense view is important and has practical implications, . . . but the common-sense view alone is inadequate and needs the support and explanation given by a thorough theoretical discussion is lacking.(Alan Davies, The Native Speaker: Myth and Reality. Multilingual Matters, 2003) The Ideology of the Native Speaker Model [T]he notion of native speakersometimes referred to as the ideology of the native speaker model- in the field of second language education has been a powerful principle that influences almost every aspect of language teaching and learning . . .. The notion of native speaker takes for granted the homogeneity among, and superiority of the linguistic competence of native speakers and legitimizes the unequal power relations between native and non-native speakers. (Neriko Musha Doerr and Yuri Kumagai, Towards a Critical Orientation in Second Language Education.  The Native Speaker Concept. Walter de Gruyter, 2009) An Ideal Native Speaker I know several foreigners whose command of English I could not fault, but they themselves deny they are native speakers. When pressed on this point, they draw attention to such matters as . . . their lack of awareness of childhood associations, their limited passive knowledge of varieties, the fact that there are some topics which they are more comfortable discussing in their first language. I couldn’t make love in English, said one man to me. . . . In an ideal native speaker, there is a chronologically based awareness, a continuum from birth to death where there are no gaps. In an ideal non-native speaker, this continuum either does not start with birth, or if it does, the continuum has been significantly broken at some point. (I’m a case of the latter, in fact, having been brought up in a Welsh-English environment until nine, then moving to England, where I promptly forgot most of my Welsh, and would no longer now claim to be a native speaker, even though I have many childhood associations and instinctive forms.)(David Crystal, quoted by T. M. Paikeday in The Native Speaker Is Dead: An Informal Discussion of a Linguistic Myth. Paikeday, 1985)

Australian VET System and Social Concerns Essay

Australian VET System and Social Concerns - Essay Example The systems also have some of the highly regarded standard frameworks for training providers such as the Australian Quality Training Framework (AQTF), qualifications such as the Australian Qualification Framework (AQF), and training products. Australia’s VET system is a competency based training system that focuses individuals’ capabilities and skills for enabling them to do substantial work. In essence therefore, it is suitable for continued learning of individuals within enterprises and those seeking to enter into enterprise work (Goldstein, & Ford, 2002; Bean, 2008). With a wide array of social issues impacting the Australian workforce system from an aging population, and increasingly diverse society and employers finding it hard to recruit staff, that is 44% in 2007 from 41% in 2005 (OECD, 2009), effective systemic responses in the VET system towards these trends have the capability in addressing them. This paper critically discuses the extent to which the current V ET system in Australia can and does address the concerns of contemporary Australian society. In specific, the study discusses three societal concerns that are critical to Australia, diversity training, safety training and customer service training. Background of Australia and VET System VET system in Australia can be traced far back to the mid and late 19th century where various institutions offered skills development and industry training in trades that were predominantly male such as mining. And for almost a century VET was mainly focused on training men in a few select industries such as mining agriculture and manufacturing. With the beginning in the decline of these industries in their economic significance in the 1960s and 70s, and the emergence of newer finance and communication industries in the economy, more women started getting trained (Training.com.au, 2012). With these there were more pre-vocational and preparatory training than trade based training and with the release of the 1974 Kangan Report, the TAFE system which seeks to improve on the needs in Technical and Further Education was established. The 1980’s saw the expansion of the service industries and the emergence of private training providers to meet the needs of the changing economy. A wide array of reports emerged on the need to take into account both the need of the industry and the individual into account in training and this resulted to a consensus that indeed the VET system required substantive reform based upon unified national effort (OECD, 2009; Training.com.au, 2012). The year 1992 was one of major reform in Australia’s VET system where a unified national system was created under the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA) which the system getting considerable input from the industry on what relevant skills were required. The Fitzgerald Report particularly had a crucial role in enabling a competency based and coherent system was established. With these the VET s ystem further evolved to include apprenticeship programs, development of

World Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World Literature - Essay Example Set in Corinth in Greece, the whole play is enacted in a single scene in front of Medea's house. The nurse and chorus act as conscious-keepers of Medea and the attenders and messengers are employed by the playwright to depict scene shifts through their speech. In fact, the very opening of the play sets the tone of the horrific nature of events to follow. With a voice of doom of one of the nurses of Medea clearly indicates that her mistress, a victim of fate, is out to contrive some untoward scheme. The nurse acts as a foreteller of deeds to ensue. Through her speech we learn how in love she was with Jason and how her dangerous mood was capable of so much anger evil. "There is a subtle but fascinating theme of ethnic tension as Medea and Jason clash" (Mazza, Michael J) throughout the play. Medea lies fasting and weeping ever since she learnt that she was wronged by her husband, recalling memories of her dear father, her country and her home, which she gave up to come away with the man who now holds her in dishonor. Medea had antagonized her father and even killed her own brother in order to run away from a barbarious land to a land of promise along with Jason whom she blindly loves. "My love for you was greater than my wisdom" (lines 571-72) she says. After a series of adventures in which Jason is helped by Medea, they seek asylum in Corinth. Here they lead a respectable life and beget two children till they almost reach their middle age. Trouble brews when Jason gets restless with his complacent life. He wants a secure, wealthy future for his wife and children and hence resorts to infidelity. He wins the heart of Glauce, the daughter of Creon, king of Corinth. He tells Medea that it was not for love that he had promised to marry the princess, but to win wealth and power for himself and his sons. But Medea is infuriated and her unfailing love immediately turns to sheer anger. In a sense, it is Medea's own nature and vicious temper that proves her undoing. "Women don't like violence, but when their husbands desert them, that is different. In life, the worst disasters come from passion" (lines 467-69) Medea gets into a constant state of confusion and anxiety. Initially she weeps over her hapless situation. She feels women are most wretched because they care for one man only. But she gains a little confidence when Aegeus, King of Athens grants her asylum in exchange for helping him beget children by her skills in sorcery. Aegeus realizes that her scorn is justified and sees her as a woman with remarkable forethought. "A brain like yours is what is needed" he says. He fully believes in her powers of creation which is equal to her powers of destruction, which is why he uses her witchcraft to make his queen beget children. With the success of each scheme Medea devises, her resolve hardens and reaches a point of no return. "One can clearly trace the progression within the play of a victim with certain heroic traits who, because of her ill fate and her ruthlessness, becomes a villain" (Kliegl, Michael) Deciding to take her plans forward, she manages to buy a day's time from Creon befor e she is sent on exile. Creon's fate is sealed even though he knows that Medea is "A clever woman, very experienced in evil ways" (lines

Tabcorp Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tabcorp - Case Study Example Catalano. The Singapore government is accepting project plans for an integrated entertainment complex that will rise either in Sentosa Island or in the Marina Bayfront. Thus, Tabcorp sees that it may have to contend with other bidders such as Las Vegas-based firms MGM Mirage, Kerzner International and Wynn Resorts. However, Slater said that the company's goal is to have a controlling interest in the leisure and entertainment development citing that operating and managing are the areas where Tabcorp can add value (Matterson 2005, p.27). Tabcorp though is not ruling out joint ventures with other parties for the Singapore casino project. When asked as to the income implications for the company's first foray outside Australia, Slater told the Australian that it would take three to four years for this to bear out. The period is the estimated duration of the casino project to be finished. According to gambling analysts, it would be "impossible" to say whether the offshore project will benefit Tabcorp's investors or not in the long run (Catalano 2005, page 2 of the Business section). The market however reacted positively after Tabcorp's announcement, with the firm's stock jumping 17 cents to 30 cents.

Reflection on Coatess Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection on Coatess Argument - Essay Example The black people were denied the opportunity to access good housing facilities since they were cut out of the legitimate home-mortgage market starting from the 1930s to 1960s.I also believe that previous efforts by the subsequent government to improve the living standards of Black Americans through welfare programs, affirmative action and subsidized housing have been minimal. In my view, although the current Constitution grants equal protection of the law, racism and discrimination against Blacks still exist and thus only reparations can address these social problems. Although the author argues that reparations may be expensive given the huge spending by the government on other social programs that benefit the entire American population, I differ since a debt to Black people is owed and American has the resources to pay the reparations.   The black people deserve reparations since the available statistics indicate that they are at the wrong end of all the socio-economic indicators. For instance, blacks are three times likely to encounter homicide than other racial groups while the infant mortality rate of black neighbourhoods is twice that of the national average. Although the current Black people might not have been slaves, the truth is that they were denied their inheritance and good upbringing since their parents were poor and mistreated by the government. There is a prove that slavery is responsible for Black Americans socio-economic status due to discrimination, lack of property rights and lack of voting rights.

I have to write about how I improved my skills by this English onilne Essay

I have to write about how I improved my skills by this English onilne class - Essay Example Another way of developing the speaking skills is by taking notes of what on what one has learned from the lesson. Therefore, the learner can practice when he gets back at home. When one practices whatever he has learned then he can easily remember whatever he has acquired. At the time of practice, that the learner should not shy away in speaking out whatever he learns because it is through mistake that one can learn better. The more you practice, the more one become confident in pronunciation and vocabularies. Listening is also another critical factor in online learning. In such a case, therefore, the learner should improve his listening skills. For instance, he should avoid any form of distraction during the lesson so as grasp the pronunciation and the mastery of content. The online class also involves the reading; therefore, for the learner to properly learn the skills of reading, he should do it allowed. , reading allowed will make the student spot out his mistakes so quickly. The learner should also ensure that he learns at least one new word every day from the lesson. Moreover, the student can also use the Google to translate some of the words that he cannot fathom their meanings. Apart from knowing the meaning of the difficult words, the learner can also ask the Google the pronunciation of the word. The repetitive review is also another improving the English skills. After being aware of the error, the student should routinely practice the learned skills. The training enhances the speaking skills of the student. The method can be used to correct the syntax, pronunciation, and the vocabulary. When articulating the words, the student should be monitoring the articulatory parameters of the teacher like the orientation  of the lips, the shape of the tongue and other parameters. Such a practice is possible when the learner can watch the speaker articulating words. In addition to this, the student should keep a

Reflection on Coatess Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection on Coatess Argument - Essay Example The black people were denied the opportunity to access good housing facilities since they were cut out of the legitimate home-mortgage market starting from the 1930s to 1960s.I also believe that previous efforts by the subsequent government to improve the living standards of Black Americans through welfare programs, affirmative action and subsidized housing have been minimal. In my view, although the current Constitution grants equal protection of the law, racism and discrimination against Blacks still exist and thus only reparations can address these social problems. Although the author argues that reparations may be expensive given the huge spending by the government on other social programs that benefit the entire American population, I differ since a debt to Black people is owed and American has the resources to pay the reparations.   The black people deserve reparations since the available statistics indicate that they are at the wrong end of all the socio-economic indicators. For instance, blacks are three times likely to encounter homicide than other racial groups while the infant mortality rate of black neighbourhoods is twice that of the national average. Although the current Black people might not have been slaves, the truth is that they were denied their inheritance and good upbringing since their parents were poor and mistreated by the government. There is a prove that slavery is responsible for Black Americans socio-economic status due to discrimination, lack of property rights and lack of voting rights.

Leadership2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Leadership2 - Essay Example Bank Dhofar is one of the financial services firms growing at unprecedented rates in the Sultanate. The management team is proud of the quality of the services the bank offers. Project finance services, consumer banking, treasury services, and corporate banking are designed to satisfy the diverse needs of consumers, small and medium size businesses, and medium-size companies across the Sultanate. The history of incorporation of Bank Dhofar traces back to January 1990. By then, the bank was referred to as Bank Dhofar al Oman al Fransi. There were only two branches at Salaash and Muscat. During this time, Oman was still an absolute monarchy characterised by widespread autocracy. Bank Dhofar extended its network in 1992 by acquiring Bank of Credit and Commerce International from the Central Bank of Oman. The year 1999 saw the bank inaugurating the head office in the Commercial Business District. More improvements were witnessed when the bank purchased 16 commercial bank branches in 2000, mergered with Majan International Bank in 2002, obtained all regulatory and administrative approvals in 2003, and launched Maisarah Islamic Banking Services in 2013. Presently, Bank Dhofar is the second largest bank in Oman based on the market share. The bank has changed leadership styles over time to keep pace with the market dynamisms. The reputation concerning strong commitment to consistency and growth has helped boost the popularity of Bank Dhofar as financial institution. Managing employees across all branches requires fair, but strict leadership policies in order to avoid laxity at work and ensure that workers are highly motivated to work towards improved performance. Bank Dhofar has a vision of maintaining their status as the best bank in the Gulf. The vision will be achieved through delivering the best experiences to the bank’s customers and creating both personal and collective development

Raisin’ in the Sun Essay Example for Free

Raisin’ in the Sun Essay 1. WALTER: â€Å"You wouldn’t understand yet, son, but your daddy’s gonna make a transaction . . . a business transaction that’s going to change our lives. That’s how come one day when you ‘bout seventeen years old I’ll come home . . . I’ll pull the car up on the driveway . . . just a plain black Chrysler, I think, with white walls—no—black tires . . . the gardener will be clipping away at the hedges and he’ll say, â€Å"Good evening, Mr. Younger. † And I’ll say, â€Å"Hello, Jefferson, how are you this evening? † And I’ll go inside and Ruth will come downstairs and meet me at the door and we’ll kiss each other and she’ll take my arm and we’ll go up to your room to see you sitting on the floor with the catalogues of all the great schools in America around you. All the great schools in the world! And—and I’ll say, all right son—it’s your seventeenth birthday, what is it you’ve decided?! † (Act II, scene ii) Walter’s speech is addressed to Travis closing one of the most important scenes in the play and foreshadowing the climax of the novel. Walter is explaining that he is going to invest money choosing his own way instead of agreeing with other family members. Walter was working as a chauffeur to rich people and he had heard about benefits of investing. Walter becomes obsessed with this idea and he is dreaming about wealthy future describing luxurious cars he will have. He is sure that his dreams with inevitable come true and, therefore, he uses ‘will’, not ‘if’ in sentences. His dream is not fully materialistic as he sees chances to improve relations with his wife and Travis will study in the best colleges. In such a way Walter is growing to maturity when he thinks about his family, their provisions etc. 2. WALTER: â€Å" [W]e have decided to move into our house because my father—my father—he earned it for us brick by brick. We don’t want to make no trouble for nobody or fight no causes, and we will try to be good neighbors. And that’s all we got to say about that. We don’t want your money†. (Act III) Walter’s words are addressed to Mr. Linder after Walter reveals that liquor store has been stolen. Walter shows first signs of disobedience and disagreement as other family members don’t want to accept Mr. Linder buyout. This quotation shows that Walter has his own ideas, desires and beliefs. Moreover, he is willing to act as independent and self-sufficient personality. Walter shifts his priorities. He has changed as earlier he focused his attention on money only, but now he is taking care of his family. It is possible to say that he has become a man. References Hansberry, Lorraine. (2004). A Raisin’ in the Sun. USA: Vintage.

Causes and Effects of Sea Pollution

Causes and Effects of Sea Pollution Nowadays, the sea pollution becomes a serious problem for the whole world. When technology in this world grows to be more advance, the sea pollution will become more serious. â€Å"Pollution is the introduction of pollutants into the environment to such a point that its effects become harmful to human health, other living organisms, or the environment.†(Pollution 2007) Sea pollution can cause many different problems. The problem inside that is damage the health and well of humans, plants and animals. Water from the sea is the primary source used by the human, animals and plants. So the sea is polluted will affect the organism in the sea and human was eating the organism in the sea. This will make the origination of serious disease to human and animals. When this problem was happen, this is damage the ecosystem in whole world. In some areas of the world, seas have become so polluted that ecosystems are in danger. Pure, the sea is unpolluted can balance the ecosystem of this wor ld. In this modern, many human have understood the problem of sea and other water pollution. Some of these human are taking steps to clean up the polluted sea. (TED Analysis Cases 2007) This will help the human to have clean sea and the sea life have clean habitat. But this must use many ways and high cost to clear the sea and the water, so most of the action cannot successfully be taking. Before the human clean up the polluted sea, they must understand all of the causes and effects of sea pollution. The sea pollution is caused by oil spill, ship pollution and sewage therefore the impact toward the sea are marine pollution, hypoxia and water quality. The first cause that leads to sea pollution is oil spill. â€Å"An oil spill is the unintentional release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment as a result of human activity.†(Oil spill 2007) The factory of petroleum often pollutes water bodies 1 in the form of oil. This is the mistake of human that they cannot control the oil spill from the factory. There was one estimate is that oil transported for every million ton is spilled one ton of oil. The oil mostly comes from tankers which wash out their holds at the same time as out at sea to save time in port. Enforcement of laws relating to the discarding of oil is difficult rests with the captain of each tanker to follow the law.   There was also have many case of accident was happen cause the sea pollution. For the case, â€Å"in January of 1993, an oil tanker ran aground off the Shetland Islands, Scotland in the United Kingdom. Oil from this tanker spilled into the sea water surrounding the Shetland Islands .† (TED Analysis Cases 2007) Other than that, the ship pollution was cause the sea pollution. Ship can pollute the sea in many ways. When the ship is shipping in the sea, it will discard some waste material like the oil. Most of the ship spill out the oil into sea. In this modern world, the quantity of the ship increase to use in the trade. So the increasing ship in the sea ports, pollution from the ship becomes more serious. Some of the ship will carry the chemical was spill out the chemical into sea. This is because the human cannot take the action to control the chemical spill out. The chemical was spill out is very poison. Even though it was only some chemical spill into the sea, but the chemical is pollute the sea seriously. The second cause that leads to sea pollution is chemical pollution. Usually this type of pollution is making by the unconscionable human. Some of the factory waste out released into the sea. Everyday there are many case of this type pollution. Enforcement of law relating to the discarding of chemical into sea is very difficult rest with the owner of the factory to follow the law. Owner of the factory did not use another way to discarding the chemical. This is because use another ways must use the high cost to solve that 2 problem. For example, if the factory wants to hide the chemical on the land, they must buy a big land to solve this problem. This is because this chemical will affect the health of human, plants and animals. The waste out by factory is very poisonous especially from the industrial of car, plastic and others. This chemical was waste are include the nitrogen, toxic and phosphorous compounds into the bodies of water. These chemicals do serious damage to marine life. Fo r the cases, â€Å"as recently as 1995, all of the factories in Hong Kong dumped their detergents, toxic chemicals, and waste water into the territorys port. This has caused serious water pollution in the Hong Kong port.† (TED Analysis Cases 2007) Other than that, waste released from the farm is the one of the cause sea pollution. The farm will discard the water after into the sea. For example, the chicken will discard the waste after use to wash the farm into sea. The water have use is very dirty and include some chemical, oil and toxin. Most of the owner of the farm did not discard the waste with true way. This is because the owner of the farm does not have more money to solve this problem. Another ways to handle the waste must use the high cost, the farm is only a small business. The profit of they get from the farm are only a few, that is not enough to handle the waste. Another cause is the sewage. There are many country was built the sewage pipeline because the human thought that the sea would reduce the sewage. (Sea Pollution 2007) If there are too much sewage discards into the sea, this will pollute the sea. In this modern world, there are many countries in development. Development of country has many of sewage. This is because develop the country will make built the bridge, building and others. The human will discard the sewage into the sea, so the sea pollution was become more serious in most of the country in entire world. For example, the Danes and 3 Swedes are built a bridge to their nations which can cross to make possible communication between the nations. (TED Analysis Cases 2007) When they built the bridge, they will flow the untreated sewage into the bodies of the sea. This is cause the sea pollution seriously. Some of the countries are no enough land; they will fill up the sea to build the house and the factory. For example, there was a case in Malaysia, which is Melaka State was fill up the sea to built the house, office and others. When they fill up the sea, the material inside that was pollute the sea. Other sewage is untreated trash which dumped by human into bodies of the sea. Trash is usually dumped by the households, restaurant and individuals. The trash will go into the sea by the sewage pipeline. Everyday there are many household and individual dumped the trash into bodies of the sea because the human have many things after use want to dump. Some of the trash that human dumped cannot dissolve by the water especially the trash make from the plastic such as fishing line, floats, plastic six pack holders and more. Those causes of sea pollution have many effect, one of them is marine pollution. The effects of the oil spill on marine life are the rare animal become extinct. The oil spill will make the oxygen in the sea decrease and make the sea become very dirty. After the oil spill pollutes the sea, the animals will move their habitat to other place. When they move to other place, they will easily to catch by the human. For the rare animals, it will become extinct. For example, the sea turtle move the habitat; it will go to another beach. This will make they easily catch by human. Some of the animals move the habitat to other place but they will go to wrong way will make them to death. For example, the whale move the habitat but it go to sea is shallow, this will make it death. This is because the size of whale is big so it cannot go to the shallow. The whale is one of the rare 4 animals which we must protect them. So we cannot pollute the sea. Other than that, the steps taking by human to clea n up the sea was polluted will affect the habitat of the sea life. Oil spill can cause the human reluctant to buy marine product whether those product are stained. (Effect of marine oil spill 2007) This is because after the sea pollution, most of the human will thought the entire marine product was stained. The economic of the country will be decrease. Another effect of oil spill is damage the ecosystem in the sea. After oil spill pollute the sea, the oxygen in the sea will be decrease. So some of animals and plants in the sea was become extinct, this will affect the other animals cannot find their food to eat. The ecosystem is very important. So the human must taking steps to stop pollute the bodies of the sea. The second effect of the sea pollution is hypoxia. Hypoxia means the lack of oxygen from the air go in the bodies of the sea. Hypoxia will happen when the chemical pollution. The sea was polluting by chemical, oxygen difficult to go in the sea bodies. So suffocation of animals will happen. Most of the animals will move the habitat but have some of the animals cannot move, so they will be death. â€Å"In 1991, one million menhaden fish in North Carolinas Neuse River were killed in a Pfiesteria outbreak.† (Water pollution effects 2006) The sea floras decrease extremely because the sea flora in the sea cannot get the oxygen. Most of the sea floras cannot move the habitat, so that they only can wait for death. After all the sea life move and death, then that sea pollution will become more serious. This is because some of the sea life was death and their corpse is nobody to clear. After that, the human will infect by disease because the corpse of the sea life have many bacteria. If this situation is happen in a country, the economic of the country will decrease and the human at there will death. The economic will decrease is 5 because the sea food tainted by the sea pollution, the government must stop all the sea food business. Beside that, the tourist will cancel to go that country because of sea pollution and disease. Most of country will cancel business with that country because of the government afraid their citizen will infected by the disease. The third effect of the sea pollution is water quality. Every year, there are many countries close the beach. This is because water quality in many countries was become more serious after the sea pollution. The water quality is causes by the sewage, waste released from factory and others. Most of the human stay near at the beach, they will use sea water and play at the beach. This will make the human infected by the hepatitis, stomach aches, vomiting and more. For example, some of the state in Africa, there was many people infected by this disease because they do not know the dangerous of the polluted water. There was many cases was happen in most of the countries that their water quality was very poor. This was make the human stay at there was infected the disease. For the example case, â€Å"In 1993, high cryptosporidium levels in Milwaukees drinking water supply sickened more than 400,000 residents. Every year, seven million Americans are sickened by contaminated water.† (W ater pollution effects 2006)Poor of the water quality also usually make the skin cancer of the surfer. The surfer did not know the dangerous of the sea was polluted. After they go to surf at the sea, then they will easily to get the skin cancer. The government in most country was close the beach and the stop all the sea activities. This is because the government has known the dangerous of the sea pollution and worry about the image of the country. Image of the country is very important because the first image of the tourist will look the environment of that country. If the tourists have the bad image of the country will make the economic of that country will decrease. 6 As conclusion, the causes of sea pollution are oil spill, chemical pollution and sewage. Those will make many effects, which are marine pollution, hypoxia and water quality. Beside that, the economic of country, health of human and more also are effect by the sea pollution. This all effect was become more serious in most the country. So we must taking steps to solve the problem. There are many solutions to solve the problem of the sea pollution but there use the high cost and many steps. So the citizens must co-operate with the government to solve this entire problem. The government gives the education to the citizen start from the primary school. The education must include the important of the sea, the dangerous of the sea pollution and more. This will make the citizens learn more and know the dangerous of the sea pollution from young. After that, they will co-operate with the government to taking steps and processes to clean up the sea. Clean up the sea is a ways to solve this prob lem but the human must concentrate about the marine life. This is because the processes of clean up the sea will affect the habitat of the marine or make them death. Other than that, the government uses the law to take action to the owner of the factory for no obey the law. The government can increase the penalty to the owner of the factory make the sea pollution to make them afraid and they will obey the law. Another solution that able to reduce the sea pollution is that, the government should organize sea activities. As a result, people will realize that the sea is a wonderful and mystery element and they will try to do least harmful action to the sea. Therefore, sea pollution will be able to reduce. References Effect of marine oil spill 2007. Retrieved: November 13, 2007, from http://www.itopf.com/effects.html Oil spill 2007. Retrieved: November 15, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill Pollution 2007. Retrieved: November 14, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org wiki/Pollution#Sources_and_causes TED Analysis Cases 2007. Retrieved: November 14, 2007, from http://www.american.edu/ted/projects/tedcross/xseap17.htm Water pollution effects 2006. Retrieved: November 16, 2007, from http://www.grinningplanet.com/2006/12-05/water-pollution-effects.htm

Internet Pornography, the ACLU, and Congress Essay -- Cyberporn Essay

Internet Porn, the ACLU, and Congress      Ã‚  Ã‚   Ashcroft vs. ACLU, 00-1293, deals with a challenge to the Child Online Protection Act (COPA), which Congress passed in 1998. The law, which is the subject of this essay, attempts to protect minors from exposure to Internet pornography by requiring that commercial adult websites containing "indecent" material that is "harmful to minors" use age-verification mechanisms such as credit cards or adult identification numbers.(Child) An earlier version of the law -- the 1996 Communications Decency Act -- was struck down as an unconstitutional restriction of free speech when challenged by the ACLU; the 1998 version attempted to address the constitutional concerns by limiting its scope to commercial websites, and carving out an exception for material that has "serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value for minors." (Communications) COPA makes adult website operators liable for criminal sanctions -- up to $50,000 in fines and six months in jail -- if children are able to access material deemed "indecent," by "contemporary community standards," for those under 16. This raises the sticky issue of what "community" should set the standard for the global world of the Internet. No one has been prosecuted under COPA; the ACLU brought suit as soon as the law was passed, and a federal judge in Pennsylvania agreed to block enforcement. The Third Circuit upheld the injunction, ruling that COPA's reliance on community standards improperly allows the most conservative communities to dictate what should be considered indecent. The ACLU represents a number of plaintiffs who publish materials online, including an art gallery, Salon.com magazine, a bookstore, and the producer of a... ...rmful to minors on the Web, Beeson responded: "There isn't any way to make it a crime to display material harmful to minors on the Web." A decision from the Supreme Court is expected sometime in the spring of 2002. This case does not directly address the issue of how the community standards requirement applies to determining whether online material is obscene (speech that does not receive First Amendment protection) rather than merely indecent (harmful for minors but protected for adults). The court's ruling will nonetheless be significant in terms of the future of the "community standards" test for obscenity online. WORKS CITED: Child Online Protection Act. http://www.epic.org/free_speech/censorship/copa.html Communications Decency Act. http://www.epic.org/CDA/cda.html "Legal Challenge to COPA" http://www.epic.org/free_speech/copa/complaint.html

The Person I Dislike

The Person I dislike Hate is a very strong word. So it feels a little awkward to say that I hate a particular person. But there are certain types of people who are easy to be disliked. There are lots of people I met in my life, it is not necessary that I like all of them. I categorize the people in three types. One that I like most, second one I don’t like and the third one who has no impression at all in my life. It is a natural phenomenon that we can’t be friendly or alien to all people to whom we met.Of course here are always some good reasons behind as why we like or dislike someone. For me, such people include hypocrites, people who abuse women and children, people who gossip and backbite, and people who are greedy. In my personal opinion, it is very awkward to hate person solely on the basis of their physical appearance or on such things at which they have no control for example their face, color, height, race or religion etc. However, there are many other good re asons that you can hate a person or group of person that is their character or deeds.I dislike Mr. Tindu more than anything in the world. He is related to my father and is forty years old. Tindu is a mean, contemptible fellow. Tindu is an educated person but behaves like an illiterate person. He is dead to all sense of shame and very talkative. I saw Tindu arguing with Majid it looks that some fight is going on. Tindu often talks tall and freely indulges in self-praise. He talks ill of others behind their back and very selfish. Tindu told me uncle Baber likes to gamble and drink whisky and then he met uncle in front of me saying uncle never drinks.Tindu enjoys nobody's confidence. To feel superior to others is in his nature. Tindu does not give respect his parents. Tindu has a habit of cursing and yelling. I saw him to cursing them out for no reason and openly defy them. Tindu has no respect for woman and never think that a woman gave him birth. He is a man of loose morals and have no ethics. Tindu has no love for his motherland. He is not an American by birth but act like that. He is migrated from Pakistan and belongs to a middle class family. Tindu lacks of civic sense.He is very quarrelsome and fought with my brother in law in a marriage ceremony. Tindu does not extend a helping hand even to his relatives and friends in trouble. He laughs at the miseries and troubles of others. Tindu have bad credit. Two years ago he borrowed money from my father never give back. He makes fun of everybody, even the beggars on the street. Tindu loves to smoke marijuana and drink whisky. He cannot be calm always speak loudly to enforce his ideas. Thus he brought a slur to his family.He never does anything worthy of a gentleman. He is seldom fair and square in his dealings with others. Because of his greediness, Tindu makes money by foul means. He is working as inspector in hosiery. He deliberately rejects the stuff and sales that stuff in open market. Hypocrite can easily be disliked. Because of uncle Baber I knew that Tindu talks ill of others behind their back. Although hate is difficult to express in words, to dislike someone is natural. One must avoid that rogue. I dislike Tindu because he is a jerk!

Love of country? Essay

Frederick Douglass’s speech â€Å"If I Had A Country, I Should Be A Patriot† delivers a blasting reproach on the discrimination of the African American and why he feels indignant about his country and being unwilling to call himself a patriot. Similar to Langston Hughes’s â€Å"I, Too, Sing America† , both employ a chord informative structure and a canting tone simple enough for the audience to incite a reaction from the audience to plead for freedom in America. Both authors though in different times face the challenges of racism and being an African American in the â€Å"Republic† of America. Douglass explains that even under natural rights there is no spot sacred in America that can secure his right of liberty. He orates â€Å"This is your land of the free†, your â€Å"home of the brave† to symbolize the ambivalence and optimism for freedom being an African American in America at that juncture and that America must be envisioned as the sentimental identity of the African American slave. â€Å"I never knew what freedom was till I got beyond the limits of the American eagle†. Douglass tries to explain that the idea of being a patriot in America differs from the reality currently going on in his time persuading his listeners to acknowledge the humanity in dehumanizing the institution of slavery. In Langston Hughes’s poem his first stanza details how he is treated unequally. â€Å"I am the darker brother; they send me to eat in the kitchen, when company comes but I laugh and eat well and grow strong.† He demonstrates that the nation he considers himself to belong under the constitution does not treat him as a superior but an inferior. The sentiment of this quote internally depicts that he feels equal to the other race. Unlike Douglass who is encouraging the people to realize their rights, Hughes is waiting for the opportune moment to rebel. The last four lines of Hughes’s poem â€Å"Besides, They’ll see how beautiful I am and be ashamed – I, too, am America† corresponds with Douglass’s insight of hope and using inequality to unmask inequality in America and orating that his race integral to the very existence of America. Hughes orates that he will endure the racial despair with hopefulness in the American promise of justice for all. Douglass and Hughes are judging that there’s no greater danger to the advancement of the African American than the country and its spirit of alienation. This will always steer up to a revolution in a country. America should be a land true to natural love of liberty and its moral humanity and guide its united people to a moral progress. They found a reason to love and identify with this country despite injustices their people had suffered continued to suffer in their days as they waited for the alternate solution.

Accountable Care Organizations, Bundled Payments, and Health Reform Essay

With the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in March 2010, health care reform has become the law. The legislation will extend health care coverage to more citizens, stabilize health insurance markets, enhance regulation and consumer protection, and improve the affordability and quality of health care in the United States. Changes in payment system of health care proposed by PPACA have led to the development of Accountable Care Organization (ACO). This paper will address how ACOs and the bundled payments system will impact the future of health care. See more: Strategic Management Process Essay The ACO is a health care organization which provides accountability for quality, cost, and care for medical beneficiaries with single entity providers that are responsible for delivering care. The ACO-model builds on the Medicare Physician Group Practice Demonstration and the Medicare Health Care Quality Demonstration, established by the Medicare Prescription Drugs Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003. Under the Affordable Care Act, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service (HHS) released new rules that benefit doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers of better care for Medicare patients through ACOs on March 31, 2011(U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2001). According to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ (CMS) administrator Donald Berwick, MD, â€Å"An ACO will be rewarded for providing better care and investing in the health and lives of patients. ACOs are not just a new way to pay for care but a new model for the organization and delivery of care† (Penton Media., 2011). The new model, which is called the â€Å"Pioneer Accountable Care Organization,† is to improve the quality of care for Medicare Fee-For-Service (FFS) beneficiaries  (Medicare Parts A and B) and reduce unnecessary costs through establishing a shared savings program, which promotes accountability for Medicare FFS beneficiaries. It requires coordinating care for services provided under Medicare FFS and encourages investments in infrastructure, and it redesigns care processes. Regarding the differences, the Pioneer ACO payment model incorporates a population-based payment in the third year of the ACO’s Participation Agreement. This population-based payment will replace fifty percent of the FFS payments (McDermott & Emery, 2011). The Pioneer ACO model is estimated to save Medicare as much as $430 million over three years by coordinating with private payers to reduce costs for Medicare beneficiaries and improve health outcomes. An ACO may engage in either a Shared Savings Program or in the Pioneer ACO model. In addition, the Pioneer ACO model is separated from the Medicare Shared Savings Program for Medicare beneficiaries by the Advance Payment Initiative (Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation Center, 2011). ACOs require the ability to manage cost and quality for patients across the continued extent of care and across different associational settings. They also require the capability to plan budgets and resources needed to allocate payments, and the commensurable size of primary care providers for Medicare patients’ populations assigned to the ACOs (at least 5,000 Medicare or 15,000 commercial patients). According to the Journal of the American Medical Association, doctors Shortell and Casalino recommend a three-tiered system of qualification for ACOs (Shortell, S. and Casalino, L., 2010). The tiers will be based on the degree of financial risk acceptable for ACOs and the degree of financial rewards that can be completed by performance targets. In the first tier, ACOs will receive FFS payment with shared savings for providing quality care at lower than the expenditure targets. In the second tier, ACOs will receive bundled payments and episode of care based payments for managing costs and achieving benchmarks. They will be accountable for care that meets these criteria. In the third tier, ACOs will receive partial and global capitation payments. Under a three tiered structure, ACO providers will submit a three-year plan to the HHS or CMS for achieving qualification status at the varied levels. The U.S Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced the â€Å"Bundling Payment for Care Improvement Initiative† to coordinate payments for services delivered across an episode of care, such as a cardiac bypass or a hip replacement, on August 23, 2011 (Vendome Group, LLC, 2011). The definition of bundled payments refers to a single payment for all care related to an entire treatment or condition. Bundled payments, also called episode-base payments or case-rate payments are considered as a mechanism for improving both cost and quality, such as currently exist with Geisinger Proven Care and the Prometheus Payment system (Dark,Cedric., 2011). Bundled Payments do benefit physicians and hospitals if patients complete their medical treatments within a certain time period because it will save the physicians and hospitals additional costs. However, it is a disadvantage for physicians and hospitals if the treatment takes longer than the traditional time because it will cost more money to care for patients. Unfortunately, its emphasis is less about improving care and more about reducing the financing for medical care (Gorman Health Group Blog, 2011). This means hospitals, physicians, and other practitioners will have to take their own approach to improving the delivery of healthcare, which should benefit Medicare patients. The goal of the initiative is to increase efficiency of care, improve quality of care, and lower costs. This initiative consists of four different bundled payment models. The first three bundled payment models are retrospective payment arrangements based on patients’ historical data. However, the fourth model is proposed for the future. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) make a single bundled payment to the hospital for all services during inpatient stays for hospitals, physicians, and other medical professional specialists. In the first model, the episode of care is the length of time the inpatient stays in the acute care hospital. Medicare pays the hospital a discounted payment based on the payment rates established under the Inpatient Prospective Payment System (IPPS), which starts at zero percent for the first six months and then rises to a minimum of two percent in the third year, based on the IPPS. Physicians are paid under the Medicare Physician  Fee Schedule. Hospitals and physicians are to share in any costs. This model benefits Medicare patients by reducing their costs, but not hospitals and physicians because they must share in any expenditures. The second model, which is also based on IPPS, is different from the first model because it includes inpatient and post-acute care from either 30 or 90 days following discharge. This bundled payment includes physicians’ services, post-acute care, readmissions, and other related services, which can be clinical laboratory services, medical equipment, prosthetics, orthotics, other supplies, and Part B drugs. The minimum discount is three percent for the first 30 to 90 days after discharge and two percent for more than 90 days. The Medicare enrollee is to share the costs if the total payments are less than the target price. However, the provider will be responsible for payment coverage if the total payments exceed the target costs. This model uses an incentive discount for Medicare patients to spend less time in rehabilitation versus the first model which has no early rehabilitation discount. However, this model does not give an advantage to hospitals and physicians because it encourages Medicare patients to leave medical services sooner. The third model begins at discharge from an acute facility if less than 30 days are spent in rehabilitation. These bundled payments are the same as the second model with the exception of a discounted rate, which Medicare enrollees are required to set up instead of CMS, since CMS has not indicated an expected discount for medical service (Becker, Epstein & Green, P.C, 2011). In the fourth model, which is the only perspective model, hospitals will receive a single bundled payment from CMS that covers all medical services by hospital, physicians, and other medical professional specialists. The minimum discount will be three percent of the estimated total costs for the episode care (Proskauer Rose, 2011). The bundled payments are more hospital-centric than ACOs’ program. However, ACOs’ focus will be on how hospitals and physicians will share reimbursements in a post-fee-for-service payment system. Therefore, Medicare beneficiaries will benefit the most but hospitals and physicians will not. Future ACOs include: Integrated Delivery Systems, Multispecialty Group Practice (MSGP), Hospital Medical Staff Organization (HMSO), Physician-Hospital Organizations (PHO), Interdependent Practice Organization (IPO), and the Health Plan Provider Organization or Network (Charles DeShazer, 2011). However, most physicians work in very small practices that would not likely have the resources to develop the capacities to be an ACO. In an ACO-based health care organization, these small practices would either merge into new or already existing specialty group practice, or would engage in an ACO that facilitates clinical integration among small practices. Many physicians may still prefer smaller practices, and under comprehensive healthcare reform may continue to exist. In ACOs completely based on the quality and cost of care, the market may decide whether virtually integrated systems can succeed in competition with systems where physicians are merged into large group practices. Moreover, specialist physicians are creating medium sized or even larger single specialized groups. However, a single specialty group cannot serve as an ACO for full patients care but can be an essential element of an ACO or can be a crucial source of medical care through referrals. In Integrated delivery systems (IDS), medical care is coordinated and reimbursed within the system to make patient care more efficient while improving access to and the quality of the care received. Some examples are: Cleveland Clinic, Henry Ford Health System, Mayo Clinic, Scott & White Clinic, and so on. However, a recent report indicates that challenges may still remain. IDS face lack of compensation from health insurance providers for care coordination services as well as difficulties in finding specialty care, such as mental health care and changes in management and physician cultures in adopting the new organization (United States Government Accountability Office, 2011). The promising advantages of the multispecialty group practice (MSGP) model were recognized in 1932. As stated in the Physician’s Advocate(2008), â€Å"These advantages include having the resources to redesign care processes, take advantage of economies of scale to implement electronic medical records, form health care teams, obtain database feedback on performance gaps, and make the changes needed to improve care† (Physician’s Advocate, 2008). Some evidence indicates that multispecialty group practices do make the most of recommended care management processes like electronic information technology, as well as sharing in quality improvement medical services. Therefore, MSGPs provide better quality care for preventive measures involving screening tests and diabetes management than smaller forms of practices. Moreover, studies also indicate lower Medicare spending on patients related to multispecialty or hospital associated groups than other patients. However, it is unlikely that MSGPs will become the major organization form in the United States health care system since it is so expensive to implement. HMSO, more than 800,000 physicians that currently practice in the United States are members of hospital medical staffs (Carroll, 2011). The hospital medical staff organization can serve as ACOs for either inpatient or outpatient care. Studies indicate that most physicians have primary relationships with a single hospital to form a stronger partnership entity between physicians and their primary hospital (Fisher and et al., 2006). Hospitals have resources to support adopting electronic medical records (EMR), provide performance and accountability data, and assist quality improvement support for physicians. Bundled payments for specific medical conditions or episodes of sickness, such as a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), hip or knee replacement (Massachusetts Medical Society, 2008) will provide incentives for hospitals and physicians to work together to reduce Medicare costs (Welch, WP and ME Miller, 1994). This model will have future advantages for chronic illness treatment as we ll as episodes of care since physicians and hospitals work together closely to monitor patients’ long term care. However, the HMSOs encounter challenges including leadership of the diverse cultures of hospitals and physicians and legal restrictions to obtain sharing (Primary Care Associates., 2008). An alternative of the MSGP model is the PHO. Hospitals and physicians work together to ensure cost-effective and steady system delivery of medical services and the provisions of the health care services to the patients. There are approximately one thousand PHOs in the United States and most are managed organizations with the goals of achieving and managing the quality  and cost of care (Nixon Peabody LLP., 2010). Under the Affordable Care Act, the contracting PHO model can emerge into an entity that will manage the quality and cost of care. Without meeting the needs of all physicians, this model has the advantage and the incentive of improving performance. With the HMSOs, the hospital will provide resources for EMR, performance reporting, quality improvement, and process management support. However, PHOs must be clinically integrated to avoid anti-trust laws (Casalino, Lawrence P., 2006). A fifth model is the Interdependent Practice Organization (IPO), which is an advancement for those physicians who practice in small organizations or who do not wish to be part of larger organizations for delivering care. The interdependent practice organization is based on an association of physicians in numerous independent practices. IPOs are capable of providing high quality, better care, although most of these organizations are loosely organized (Rittenhouse and et al., 2004). The future IPO model requires strong leadership, administration, and enough patients across individual practices to support financing of technology infrastructure and management systems. IPO models might be attractive to physicians practicing in rural areas. With given sufficient incentives, existing IPOs can became independent organizations by strengthening their management structure and developing a solid shared culture of performance improvement. These requirements are challenges since IPOs are composed of many small practices. The last model, the Health Plan-Provider Organization or Network (HPPO/HPPN) is similar to the IPO. It is based on an association of independent physician practices. The health plan will be the major financial assets to encourage a more cost-effective health care delivery system. Many have capabilities in disease management, electronic information technology implementation, and quality improvement entities that can be used effectively in collaboration with physicians. Some physician practices may participate with health plans rather than local hospitals. Health plans can be part of a smaller physician’s practice and become the unit of accountability of performance. However, the success of this model will depend on an individual physician’s leadership (Shortell and et al., 2008). The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) released final rules and new opportunities for financial support for doctors, hospitals, and health care providers to work together to improve the care of Medicare patients by adopting ACOs on October 20, 2011. The new rules provide for a new voluntary Medicare Shared Savings Program. Providers will be able to participate in an ACO and share in the savings with Medicare. ACOs will reward providers for reducing the costs and meeting quality measures, such as reducing hospital readmissions or emergency room visits. Providers will begin to share in savings based on how they perform in thirty-three quality measurements in the second and third performance years. Medicare beneficiaries will be a part of the ACO system when they form. Moreover, community health centers and Rural Health Clinics (RHCs) will be allowed to participate in the ACO programs (Galewitz, Phil and Jenny Gold., 2011). To appeal to providers, CMS will provide physician-owned and rural providers early access to the expected saving of up to $170 million dollars, so providers can start ACOs right away. At the same time, the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice issued the entire final rules that will allow providers to participate in the Medicare Shared Savings Program. In addition, the final rules will no longer require a mandatory antitrust review for collaborations as a condition of entry into Shared Saving Program (Department of Justice, 2011). Electronic health record (EHR) usage is no longer a condition of participation to prompt more RHCs and other programs to join (Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation Center, 2011). Moreover, CMS will assist agencies in monitoring the care and quality of performance of ACOs. The program will save up to $940 million dollars over four years (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2001). Patients or Medicare beneficiaries are encouraged to select an ACO as their medical center. ACOs can be used for result-based payments, public report purposes, and claim-based payments which retrospectively allow patients to join who have not adopted ACOs. This advances patients’ choices and encourages ACOs to coordinate their patients’ care to treat patients equally. Because physicians are not required to be part of ACOs, physicians  can still be paid with the Shared Saving Programs used by Medicare, Medicaid, and other commercial health plans. They also can be eligible to achieve quality-based rewards. In addition, physicians and hospitals that are part of ACOs can have both obtainable rewards for improving quality and controlling costs; however, there is more inevitable risk. Furthermore, bundled payments for certain services and procedures, using a combination of capitation, result-based payments, and readmissions, gain sharing between physicians and hospitals tha t can be adopted within ACOs. Physicians also can benefit from the assistance that ACOs can provide with electronic health records and with implementation of established processes to improve quality and efficiency. Health reform will be needed in laws and regulations for the Stark law, anti-kickback statuses, fraud and abuse, anti-trusts, scope of practices, and the corporate practice of medicine. However, the final rules were relaxed and established waivers for the physicians’ self-referral law, the federal anti-kickback status, and certain penalties to encourage the participation in the Medicare Shared Saving Program and the Advance Payment Initiative (FierceHealthcare, 2011). Therefore, more medical providers will be regulated by the programs. In the past, healthcare leadership has relied on organizational structure to deliver higher quality at lower costs, which has not succeeded in improving neither efficiency nor performance. In fact, they have increased the problems that they intended to address. Neither diagnostic related groups (DRG) nor Health Managed Organizations created a shared achievement for all parties. Provider profit motivation lacked the pressure of medical beneficiaries to protect quality while minimizing costs. While each DRG and resource based relative-value unit encouraged providers to focus on provision without interventions, HMOs and other managed providers encouraged providers to minimize intervention, regardless of whether managing could delay the quality or completeness of patient care (Numberof, 2011). Ignoring the minimal role that patient demand plays in driving market completion among providers, the current and past medical health care system has decreased accountability for quality of medical care. ACOs were established to fix the inadequate accountability for wasteful  spending and quality of patient care. The PPACA provisions are consumer based solutions; however, they do not allow patients to have fully informed choices about their coverage and medical care (Numberof, 2011). Employers, who contract with insurers, apply with providers; therefore, accomplishment is limited. However, many physicians are reluctant to assume accountability for patient outcomes, since they admit that outcome is directly under the behavioral control of the patient. Furthermore, it seems that provider contracts could be integrated to a successful ACO in a shared savings program; providers continue to receive funding for each service they perform. Even with the possibility of a bonus from shared-savings, maintaining the FFS system boosts providers into continuing delivering an excess of services. In addition, ACOs, which are a single untested model, are largely hospital based. Eligibility requirements are larger and more involved for ACO organizations. Larger organizations are able to consolidate their markets; however, this consolidation may result in less competition. Therefore, large delivery organizations may become too big to fail but will increase advantages for patients. Without competition, the organizations might have little incentive to reduce the costs or improve quality of medical care. Enduring health reform has to cover the uninsured without exception or conditions. As Victor Fuchs, professor at Stanford University mentions â€Å"It [Enduring health reform] must improve efficiency in medical practice by providing physicians with the information, infrastructure, and incentive they need to deliver cost effective care† (Fuchs, 2010). Information will come from the electronic health records, a process that will be amped up by the HITECH Act, which is part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Leyva, Carlos and Deborah Leyva, 2009). Electronic health records will benefit providers with more accurate real-time data on patients as well as provide analyses on drug responses and provide support to improve the quality of medical care. Health information Exchange (HIE) can enhance information from a wide databases and allow that information to be shared through various technology by providers. This allows related patient information to be shared withi n EMR with the provider who needs that information (Southern New Hampshire Health System, 2011). Furthermore, the  Patients Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) will offer physicians and patients new information of varied medical technology. Atul Grover, chief advocacy officer for the Association of American Medical Colleges, notes â€Å"It will be an evidence synthesis that really considers different populations and different diseases and tries to get more information to clinicians as they go about doing their daily work† (Marathon Medical Communications, Inc, 2010). The integration of the PCORI will enhance information so that physicians and patients can choose the appropriate test and treatment based on the patients’ condition. Moreover, infrastructure reform will enhance horizontal collocation within providers and monitor patients consistently. Health care reform strengthens greater integration through the redesign of delivery systems such as medical homes and ACOs for physicians. Recent studies suggest that better coordination of care can reduce readmission rates for major chronic sicknesses (Hernandez, AF, 2011). In addition, the PPACA will give incentives for hospitals to support proven practices that essentially reduce their rates (Foster, 2010). Likewise, the PPACA’s pilot program involving bundling payments will bring physicians and hospitals an incentive to allocate care for patients with chronic illnesses. Most essentially, PPACA admits that health reform that brings ACOs as the delivery system is an ongoing process requiring continuous adjustment. The PCORI will develop new medical tests, drugs, and other treatment that will provide continuously updated information for physicians and patients. Over the next decade, similarly, the Innovation Center in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid will be establishing and evaluating new policies and programs that will enhance the quality of care for Medicare beneficiaries and reduce costs. PPACA not only will expand health care coverage to millions of Americans but also will enact many policies to reduce the amount of costs for health care by bringing ACOs as the delivery system, which will reduce the costs of health care over time. By enacting ACOs as a Primary Care Provider (PCP), PPACA provides the most effective medical care support possible. Moreover, by adopting the bundled payment approach, physicians, hospitals, and other providers will be able to reduce the costs for Medicare beneficiaries.  Therefore, the public should embrace the new health care proposal to reduce their costs and improve the quality of their medical care. References Becker, Epstein & Green, P.C (2011) â€Å"HEALTH REFORM: CMS Innovation Center Announces Four Models in Bundled Payments for Care Improvement Initiative,† Retrieved from http://www.ebglaw.com/showclientalert.aspx?Show=14876 Carroll, Aaron. (2011, June 3). â€Å"Meme-busting: Doctors are all leaving Canada to practice in the U.S.,† Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ezra-klein/post/meme-busting-doctors-are-all-leaving-canada-to-practice-in-the-us/2011/06/03/AGVdAuHH_blog.html Casalino, Lawrence P. (2006) â€Å"The Federal Trade Commission, Clinical Integration, and the Organization of Physician Practice,† Journal of Health Policy, Politics, and Law, Retrieved from http://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/aco/2006jhppl.pdf Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation Center (2011) â€Å"Pioneer ACO Application,† Retrieved from http://innovations.cms.gov/areas-of-focus/seamless-and-coordinated-care-models/pioneer-aco-application/index.html Center for Med icare and Medicaid Innovation Center (2011) â€Å"final ACO rule,† Retrieved from http://www.cms.gov/aco/downloads/Appendix-ACO-Table.pdf Department of Justice, the Antitrust Division and the Federal Trade Commission (2011) â€Å"Background Documents,† Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/health_care/276458.pdf DeShazer, Charles. (2011) â€Å"Accountable Care Organization (ACO) Tutorial,† Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/cdeshazer/accountable-care-organization-aco-tutorial Dark, Cedric (2011) â€Å"Quality over Quantity: Reforming Payment,† Retrieved from http://www.policyprescriptions.org/?p=2066 FierceHealthcare, (2011) â€Å"CMS, OIG to relax self-referral, anti-kickback laws with ACO waivers,† Retrieved from http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/story/cms-oig-relax-self-referral-anti-kickback-laws-aco-waivers/2011-10-21 Foster, David. (2010) â€Å"Healthcare Reform: Pending Changes to Reimbursement for 30-Day Readmission,† Retrieved from http://thomsonreuters.com/content/healthcare/pdf/pending_changes_reimbursements Fuchs, Victor (2010) â€Å"Health Care Reform,† Retrieved from http://siepr.stanford.edu/system/files/shared/Health_care_document.pdf